383 lines
13 KiB
Groff
383 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.Dd December 25, 2015
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.Dt INSTALLATION 7
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm installation
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.Nd operating system installation instructions
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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This document describes how to install Sortix on a computer from a cdrom
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release.
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Please read it through carefully before beginning the installation so you know
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what to expect and things you need to keep in mind.
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The
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.Xr upgrade 7
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manual page covers upgrading an existing installation.
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.Ss Prerequisites
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.Bl -bullet -compact
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.It
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A
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.Pa sortix-x.y-arch.iso
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release for your architecture.
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.It
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A cdrom onto which the release has been burned, or USB portable storage onto
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which the release has been placed at the first byte and onwards.
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.It
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A computer meeting the system requirements.
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.El
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.Ss System Requirements
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.Bl -bullet -compact
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.It
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32-bit x86 CPU with SSE (i686 release), or 64-bit x86 CPU (x86_64 release).
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.It
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1 GiB RAM (recommended) to run iso live environment (including installer) with
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all ports loaded, or significantly less if unimportant ports are not loaded.
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An installation on a harddisk will require very little RAM to run after
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installation.
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.It
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ATA or AHCI harddisk with at least 1 GiB of unpartitioned space.
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.It
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BIOS firmware, or UEFI firmware in legacy mode.
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.It
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PS/2 keyboard/mouse firmware emulation to use those devices.
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.It
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If you wish to dual boot, you need an existing operating system with a multiboot
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compliant bootloader such as GRUB.
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.El
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.Ss Preparation
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Read this document through before beginning the installation.
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The installation process is designed to be reasonable, but you need to patient
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and in an emotionally stable place.
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It is important you understand the current limitations of the system and
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carefully consider whether you want to go through with the installation at this
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time.
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.Pp
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Before installing any operating system, be sure to have backed up local data in
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the event something goes wrong.
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This operating system comes without any warranty at all (see the license).
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.Pp
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Consider the partitioning scheme and whether you wish to dual boot.
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Consult the partitioning instructions below.
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If dual-booting and there isn't enough unpartitioned space, use the native
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partition editor of the existing operating system to shrink its installation.
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.Pp
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Determine how the target machine will boot the release.
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If the firmware supports usb-iso hybrid images, you can use
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.Xr dd 1
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or such to copy the release physically onto a USB portable storage device.
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If the target machine has a cdrom drive, you can burn the release to a cdrom.
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Insert the installation medium in the computer and power it on.
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If needed, change the boot order in the firmware to prefer the installation
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medium over any existing operating system installations.
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.Pp
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After the installation is complete, remove the installation medium and restore
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the firmware boot order to prioritize the local harddisk.
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Then power the computer on normally to run the new operating system.
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.Ss Qemu
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Virtual machines are a well-supported installation target.
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For instance, to prepare a 1 GiB harddisk and install the operating system onto
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it, run something
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like:
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.Bd -literal
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qemu-img create sortix.raw 1G
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qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -m 1024 -vga std -cdrom sortix.iso \\
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-drive file=sortix.raw,format=raw
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.Ed
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.Pp
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After the installation is complete, power off the computer and remove the
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.Ar -cdrom
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.Pa sortix.iso
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option.
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.Ss Bootloader Menu
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Booting the release will present you with a GRUB bootloader menu.
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You have three primary options:
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.Pp
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.Bl -bullet -compact
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.It
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Running a fully-featured temporary live environment.
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.It
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Running the operating system installer
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.Xr ( sysinstall 8 ) .
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.It
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Upgrading an existing installation to this release
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.Xr ( sysupgrade 8 ) .
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.El
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.Pp
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Each of these options are a live environment running exclusively in RAM.
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The difference is only what program is run after the system has booted.
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The bootloader will load the whole operating system and ports into memory from
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the installation medium.
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This may take a moment.
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You need enough memory to store the whole system and the runtime usage.
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If the system memory is really insufficient, then the bootloader may have
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strange behavior, take a really long time to load, or not complete the boot at
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all.
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.Pp
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You can configure which ports gets loaded using the bootloader menu.
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The base system is rather lean and can be made quite small.
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You need some ports to complete an installation.
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.Ss Installer
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This guide assumes you selected the operating system installation option in the
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bootloader.
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If not, you can run the installer by running the
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.Xr sysinstall 8
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command.
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.Pp
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The installer is an interactive command line program that asks you questions and
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you answer them.
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It provides useful information you shouldn't accidentally overlook.
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Before answering any question, read all output since your last answer.
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.Pp
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You should have this installation guide ready at all times.
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You can view this
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.Xr installation 7
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page during the installation by answering
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.Sy '!man'
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to any regular prompt (excluding password prompts).
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Likewise you can answer
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.Sy '!'
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to get an interactive shell.
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Upon completion, you will be asked the question again.
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.Ss Keyboard Layout
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You need to choose the applicable keyboard layout.
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By default, a standard US keyboard layout is used.
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You can view a list of keyboard layouts if you wish.
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This layout is then loaded and the preference will be stored in
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.Xr kblayout 5 .
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.Ss Display Resolution
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If a driver exists for your graphics card, then you will be asked for your
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preferred display resolution by
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.Xr chvideomode 1 .
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The display will then use this resolution and your preference will be stored in
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.Xr videomode 5 .
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.Ss Bootloader
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The
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.Xr kernel 7
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is a multiboot compatible binary that can be loaded by any multiboot
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specification compatible bootloader such as GRUB.
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You need to use such a bootloader to boot the operating system.
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You will be offered the choice of installing GRUB as the bootloader.
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Note however that this GRUB is not able to detect other operating systems and
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you will have to configure it manually if you wish to use it in a dual boot
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scheme.
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The answer will default to yes if no existing partitions are found, or if an
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existing Sortix installation is found that uses the provided bootloader; and
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will otherwise default to no.
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.Pp
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The bootloader will be installed on the boot harddisk, which is the harddisk
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containing the
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.Pa /boot
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partition if any, and otherwise the harddisk containing the root filesystem.
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.Pp
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Single-boot configurations should use the offered bootloader.
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Dual-boot configurations should refuse it and arrange for bootloading by other
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means.
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The installer will generate
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.Pa /etc/grub.d/10_sortix.cache
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which is a fragment of GRUB configuration that offers the menu option of running
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Sortix.
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You can splice that into
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.Pa /etc/grub.d/40_custom
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of an existing GRUB installation and run
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.Xr update-grub 8
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to add it as a boot option.
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.Pp
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If you accept the bootloader, you will be asked if you wish to password protect
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the bootloader.
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If you don't, anyone able to use the keyboard during system bootloading will be
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trivially able to gain root access using the bootloader command line.
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If you use this, you should also password protect the firmware and prohibit it
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from booting from anything but the harddisk.
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An attacker will then need to tamper with the computer itself physically.
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The password will be hashed and stored in
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.Xr grubpw 5
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and is inserted into the GRUB configuration when
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.Xr update-grub 8
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is run.
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.Ss Partitioning
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You will now need to set up a partition for the root filesystem and other
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filesystems you wish to use.
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The installer will give you instructions and run the
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.Xr disked 8
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partitioning program.
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You can view its man page by typing
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.Sy man
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and you can view this man page by typing
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.Sy man 7 installation .
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.Pp
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.Nm disked
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defaults to the first detected harddisk as the current harddisk.
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You can switch to another harddisk using the
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.Sy device Ar device-name
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command.
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You can view all devices with the
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.Sy devices
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command.
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.Pp
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If the current device does not already have a partition table, you can create a
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.Xr mbr 7
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or
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.Xr gpt 7
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partition table using the
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.Sy mktable
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command.
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.Xr gpt 7
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is the preferred choice for new partition tables as
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.Xr mbr 7 has unfortunate limitations.
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If you are dissatisfied with the current partition table, you can use
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the
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.Sy rmtable
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command which will destroy the partition table and effectively delete all data
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on the harddisk.
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.Pp
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The
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.Sy ls
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command lists all partitions and unused space on the current device.
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The
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.Sy mkpart
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command creates a partition.
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You will be asked interactive questions to determine its location.
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You will be asked if you wish to format a filesystem.
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.Nm ext2
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is the native filesystem.
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If applicable, you will be asked if you wish to create a mountpoint for it in
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.Xr fstab 5 .
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The
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.Sy rmpart Ar partition-number
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command removes a partition table entry and effectively deletes all data on the
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partition.
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.Pp
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If you accepted the included bootloader, it will be installed on the boot
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harddisk, which is the harddisk containing the
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.Pa /boot
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partition if any, and otherwise the harddisk containing the root filesystem.
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If the boot harddisk uses the
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.Xr gpt 7
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partitioning scheme, then you must create a
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.Sy biosboot
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partition on the boot harddisk which is where the bootloader will be installed.
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It should be at the start of the boot harddisk and a size of 1 MiB will be more
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than sufficient.
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.Pp
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You need to make a partition containing the root filesystem mounted at
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.Pa / .
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A size of 1 GiB will be comfortable for the base system and ports and basic
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usage.
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There is no inherent need for a
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.Pa /boot
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or a
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.Pa /home
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partition, so you are encouraged to make the root filesystem as large as you
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wish.
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Operating systems upgrades will preserve the root filesystem and the installer
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handles installing on top of an existing installation and preserves user files
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and local configuration.
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.Pp
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Type
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.Sy exit
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when you are done to continue the installation.
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If the installer detects a problem with your partitioning, it will offer to run
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.Xr disked 8
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again.
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.Ss Installation
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The installer will show its installation intentions ask you to confirm the
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installation.
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If you answer yes, then the installation will begin.
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.Pp
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The installer will copy the live environment into the target root filesystem
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according to the file lists in
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.Pa /tix/manifest
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and create configuration files matching your earlier choices.
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It will write 256 bytes of randomness to
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.Pa /boot/random.seed .
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It will generate an initrd that locates and boots the root filesystem.
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It will install the bootloader if desired.
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The installation will take a moment.
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.Ss Configuration
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After the installation is complete, a bare system is installed but it lacks
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crucial configuration files and it will refuse to start when booted.
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.Ss Hostname
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You will be asked for the hostname of the new system which be stored in
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.Xr hostname 5 .
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This question is skipped if the file already exits.
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.Ss Root
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You will be asked for the root password.
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A root account is made in
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.Xr passwd 5
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and
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.Xr group 5 .
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This question is skipped if the root account already exists.
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.Ss Users
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You will be asked in a loop if you wish to make another user.
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Answer
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.Sy no
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when you are done.
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Otherwise enter the name of the new account.
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If you wish to create an account by the name of
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.Li no
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then simply add a space in front as leading spaces are trimmed.
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.Pp
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You will then be asked for the full name and the password for the new user.
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A user directory will be made in
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.Pa /home .
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The new user is added to
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.Xr passwd 5
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and
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.Xr group 5 .
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.Pp
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Please note that Sortix is not currently secure as a multi-user system and
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filesystem permissions are not enforced.
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.Ss Completion
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This will complete the operating system installation.
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Upon reboot, the new system will start normally.
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After powering off your system, you need to remove the installation medium and
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if applicable restore boot priorities in your firmware.
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If you did not accept the bootloader, you will need to manually configure a
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bootloader to boot the new operating system.
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.Pp
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You will be given the choice between powering off the system, rebooting it, or
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directly booting the new system.
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The last option will directly boot the new system in a chroot while the live
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environment remains in the background.
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If you invoked
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.Xr sysinstall 8
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yourself, then you will be returned to your live environment shell.
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Otherwise the computer will power off when the chroot environment terminates.
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.Pp
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Upon boot of the new system it will be configured in multi-user mode and you
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will be presented with a login screen.
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Authenticate as one of the local users and you will be given a shell.
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To power off the computer login as user
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.Sy poweroff
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and to reboot the computer login as user
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.Sy reboot .
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.Pp
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The
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.Xr user-guide 7
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manual page is a basic overview of the system for new users.
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.Pp
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Congratulations on your new Sortix system.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr chkblayout 1 ,
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.Xr chvideomode 1 ,
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.Xr man 1 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr group 5 ,
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.Xr grubpw 5 ,
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.Xr kblayout 5 ,
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.Xr passwd 5 ,
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.Xr videomode 5 ,
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.Xr development 7 ,
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.Xr gpt 7 ,
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.Xr initrd 7 ,
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.Xr kernel 7 ,
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.Xr mbr 7 ,
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.Xr upgrade 7 ,
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.Xr user-guide 7 ,
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.Xr disked 8 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr init 8 ,
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.Xr sysinstall 8 ,
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.Xr sysupgrade 8 ,
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.Xr update-grub 8 ,
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.Xr update-initrd 8
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